Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar haramcin jakar filastik, hukunce-hukuncen sun saita hangen nesa kan manufa mafi girma: kofin kofi mai zuwa.
Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar haramcin jakar filastik, hukunce-hukuncen sun saita hangen nesa kan manufa mafi girma: kofin kofi mai zuwa.
Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Berkeley, Calif., tana alfahari da jagorancinta akan duk wani abu na al'umma da muhalli.Ƙananan birni mai sassaucin ra'ayi a gabashin San Francisco na ɗaya daga cikin biranen Amurka na farko da suka fara amfani da sake amfani da su a gefen hanya.Ya haramta styrofoam kuma yana da wuri don ɗaukar jakunkunan sayayya na filastik.A farkon wannan shekara, majalisar birnin Berkeley ta ba da sanarwar wani sabon bala'in muhalli: Kofin kofi mai zuwa.
Kimanin kofuna miliyan 40 ne ake jefawa a cikin birnin kowace shekara, a cewar majalisar birnin, kusan kowane mazaunin gida a kowace rana.Don haka a cikin watan Janairu, birnin ya ce zai bukaci shagunan shan kofi su dauki karin cent 25 ga kwastomomin da ke amfani da kofin shan kofi."Jira ba wani zaɓi bane," in ji Sophie Hahn, 'yar majalisar birnin Berkeley wadda ta rubuta dokar, a lokacin.
Sharar ta mamaye ta, hukumomi a duniya suna hana kwantena da kofuna na ɗaukar filastik amfani guda ɗaya.Turai ta ce dole ne a tafi da kofunan abin sha na filastik nan da shekarar 2021. Indiya na son a fitar da su nan da shekarar 2022. Taiwan ta tsaida wa’adin shekarar 2030. Kudirin haraji kamar na Berkeley na iya zama ruwan dare a yunƙurin canza halayen masu amfani da sauri kafin ƙarin haramcin.
Ga sarƙoƙi kamar Starbucks Corp., wanda ke tafiya ta kusan kofuna biliyan 6 a shekara, wannan yana wakiltar ba ƙasa da wani mawuyacin hali ba.Dunkin' kwanan nan ya sake suna kansa don rage girman tushen donut kuma yanzu yana kusan kusan kashi 70 na kudaden shiga daga abubuwan sha.Amma kuma babbar matsala ce ga McDonald's Corp. da masana'antar abinci mai saurin fadi.
Shugabannin gudanarwa sun dade suna zargin wannan rana za ta zo.Na dabam kuma tare, sun kasance suna aiki a kan wani madadin yanayin da ya fi dacewa da muhalli fiye da ƙoƙon takarda mai lulluɓi, mai katanga biyu, filastik mai murfi fiye da shekaru goma.
"Yana damun raina," in ji Scott Murphy, babban jami'in gudanarwa na Dunkin' Brands Group Inc., wanda ke shiga cikin kofuna na kofi biliyan 1 a shekara.Yana aiki a kan sake fasalin kofin sarkar tun lokacin da ya yi alkawarin daina amfani da kumfa a cikin 2010. A wannan shekara, shagunan sa sun fara canzawa zuwa kofuna na takarda, kuma suna ci gaba da yin tinker da sabbin kayayyaki da kayayyaki.
"Yana da ɗan rikitarwa fiye da yadda mutane ke ba mu daraja," in ji Murphy."Wannan kofin shine mafi kusancin hulɗar abokan cinikinmu.Babban bangare ne na alamarmu da kuma gadonmu."
Kofuna waɗanda za a iya zubarwa ƙirƙira ce ta zamani.Kimanin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, masu fafutukar kula da lafiyar jama'a sun ɗokin hana wani nau'in ƙoƙon na dabam - jirgin ruwan shan jama'a, kwano ko kofin gilashin da aka bari a kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha.Lokacin da Lawrence Luellen ya ba da izinin ƙoƙon jifa mai kakin zuma, ya ƙididdige shi a matsayin sabon abu a cikin tsabta, ma'aunin rigakafi don magance cututtuka kamar ciwon huhu da tarin fuka.
Al'adar shan kofi ba ta fito ba sai daga baya.McDonald's ya fitar da karin kumallo a duk faɗin ƙasar a ƙarshen 1970s.Fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka, Starbucks ya buɗe shagonsa na 50.Tare da Dunkin', ukun yanzu suna sayar da kusan dala biliyan 20 a cikin kofi kowace shekara, bisa ga kiyasi daga BTIG LLC manazarci Peter Saleh.
A halin yanzu, kamfanoni irin su Georgia-Pacific LLC da International Paper Co. sun girma tare da kasuwa na kofuna na zubar da ciki, wanda ya kai dala biliyan 12 a cikin 2016. Nan da 2026, ana sa ran zai kusan kusan dala biliyan 20.
Amurka tana da kusan takarda biliyan 120, filastik da kofuna na kofi a kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na jimillar duniya.Kusan kowane na ƙarshe daga cikinsu - kashi 99.75 - yana ƙarewa a matsayin shara, inda ko kofi na takarda zai iya ɗaukar fiye da shekaru 20 don bazuwa.
Guguwar hana buhun robobi ya zaburar da sabon yunƙurin dakile sharar kofi.Akwatunan abinci da abin sha suna da matsala mafi girma, wani lokacin suna samar da sau 20 fiye da dattin da buhunan filastik ke yi a kowane yanki.Amma komawa zuwa jakunkuna masu sake amfani da su yana da sauƙi.Tare da kofuna na kofi don tafiya, babu wani zaɓi mai sauƙi.Berkeley yana ƙarfafa mazauna garin su kawo faifan tafiye-tafiye-kawai jefa ta a cikin jakar siyayyar da za a sake amfani da ita!-kuma duka Starbucks da Dunkin' suna ba da rangwame ga waɗanda suka yi.
Shagunan kofi sun san kofuna waɗanda za a iya sake amfani da su shine mafita mai kyau, amma a yanzu, a cikin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani suna iya zama wani nau'in "mafarkin dare," in ji Dunkin's Murphy.Sabar ba ta taɓa sanin ko kofi ya ƙazantu ko ya kamata a wanke shi ba, kuma yana da wuya a san yawan adadin kofi ko ƙarami ko matsakaici a cikin babban mug.
Shekaru goma da suka gabata, Starbucks ya yi alƙawarin ba da kashi 25 cikin ɗari na kofi a cikin muggan balaguro na sirri.Tun daga wannan lokacin ta cimma burinta.Kamfanin yana bayar da rangwame ga duk wanda ya kawo nasa mug, kuma har yanzu kusan kashi 5 cikin 100 na abokan cinikin ke yi.Ta kara wani dan lokaci karin kudin pence 5 ga kofuna da za a iya zubarwa a Burtaniya a bara, wanda ta ce karin kofin da za a sake amfani da shi yana amfani da kashi 150 cikin dari.
An ɗauki shekaru tara don Dunkin' don gano wani madadin sa hannu a kofin kumfa.Ƙoƙarin farko na buƙatar sabbin murfi, da kansu da wuya a sake yin fa'ida.Samfuran da aka yi daga cikin kashi 100 na kayan da aka sake fa'ida an ɗaure su a ƙasa.Kofin da aka yi da zaren naman kaza yayi alƙawarin bazuwa cikin sauƙi, amma yana da tsada sosai don yin girma da yawa.
Sarkar a ƙarshe ta zauna a kan ƙoƙon takarda mai layi na filastik mai bango biyu, mai kauri sosai don kare hannayen sipper ba tare da hannun riga na waje ba kuma ya dace da murfi da ke akwai.An yi su daga takarda da aka samo asali da sauri fiye da kumfa, amma wannan game da shi - sun fi tsada don yin kuma ba a sake yin amfani da su ba.
Kofuna na takarda suna da wahalar sake sarrafa su.Masu sake yin fa'ida suna damuwa cewa rufin filastik zai lalata injinan su, don haka kusan koyaushe suna aika su zuwa shara.Akwai injunan “batch pulper” guda uku a Arewacin Amurka waɗanda ke da ikon raba rufin filastik daga takarda.
Idan birane za su iya inganta sake yin amfani da su a kan ma'auni mai yawa, kusan ɗaya cikin kofuna na kofi 25 za a iya sake yin amfani da su a cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan, daga 1 cikin 400, a cewar Ƙungiyar Takarda Takarda ta Burtaniya.Wannan babban “idan.”Masu amfani da su kan jefa kofunan kofi da ke makale da ledar roba, sannan sai a raba su kafin a sake sarrafa su, daban 1 .Dunkin’ ya ce yana aiki da kananan hukumomi don tabbatar da cewa kofunan da za a iya sake sarrafa su za su kasance.Dunkin's Murphy ya ce: “Tafiya ce—ba na jin ba za ta ƙare ba.McDonald's Corp. kwanan nan ya haɗu tare da Starbucks da sauran gidajen cin abinci masu sauri don tallafawa dala miliyan 10 na NextGen Cup Kalubalen - "harbin wata" don haɓakawa, haɓakawa da haɓaka kofin tafiya mai dorewa.A watan Fabrairu, gasar ta sanar da mutane 12 da suka yi nasara, ciki har da kofuna da aka yi da allunan da za a iya sake yin amfani da su;haɓakar rufi na tushen shuka wanda zai iya kiyaye ruwa a ciki;da tsare-tsare da nufin ƙarfafa sake amfani da kofin.
"Muna neman mafita waɗanda ke da kusancin lokaci na kasuwanci da abubuwan da ke da buri," in ji Bridget Croke, mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin waje a Closed Loop Partners, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari mai mai da hankali kan sake yin amfani da shi wanda ke kula da ƙalubalen.
Kofin da zai iya raguwa da sauri zai zama mafita ɗaya - haramcin Turai ya keɓanta ga kofuna masu takin da ke wargaje cikin makonni 12 - amma ko da irin wannan kofi yana samuwa kuma yana da tsada, Amurka ba ta da isasshen masana'antu. wuraren takin da ake buƙata don rushe su.In haka ne, sai su nufi wuraren da ba za su rube ba kwata-kwata 2 .
A taronta na shekara-shekara a cikin 2018, Starbucks cikin nutsuwa ya gwada kofi na kofi da aka yi daga sassan da aka sake yin fa'ida na sauran kofuna na kofi, wanda aka yi la'akari da kopin kofi mai tsarki.Aikin fasaha ne na wasan kwaikwayo kamar kowane abu: Domin injiniyan iyakataccen gudu, sarkar kofi ta tattara manyan manyan kofuna ta aika da su don sarrafa su zuwa wani batch na Sustana a Wisconsin.Daga can, zaruruwan sun yi tafiya zuwa wani injin takarda na WestRock Co. a Texas don a mai da su kofuna, waɗanda wani kamfani ya buga tare da tambura. 't."Akwai babban kalubalen injiniya a nan," in ji Closed Loop's Croke."A bayyane yake hanyoyin da kamfanonin ke aiki don magance wannan matsalar ba su yi sauri ba."
Don haka gwamnatoci, kamar na Berkeley, ba sa jira.Gundumar ta yi nazari kan mazauna yankin kafin ta zartar da wannan cajin kuma ta gano cewa za ta shawo kan fiye da kashi 70 cikin 100 don fara kawo nasu kofuna tare da ƙarin cajin cent 25, in ji Miriam Gordon, darektan shirye-shirye a ƙungiyar sa-kai ta Upstream, wanda ya taimaka Berkeley ya rubuta dokokinsa. Ana nufin cajin ya zama gwaji a cikin halayen ɗan adam, maimakon harajin gargajiya.Shagunan kofi na Berkeley suna kiyaye ƙarin kuɗi kuma suna iya rage farashin su ta yadda abin da mabukaci ke biya ya kasance iri ɗaya.Dole ne kawai su bayyana cewa akwai ƙarin caji."Dole ne a bayyane ga abokin ciniki," in ji Gordon."Wannan shine abin da ke motsa mutane su canza hali."
Wannan duk ya yi muni sosai a cikin 2018 lokacin da kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar cewa tana da isasshen sharar kanta don damuwa kuma ta daina sarrafa " gurbataccen abu " - kayan hade - sharar daga wasu kasashe.
Abubuwan taki suna buƙatar kwararar iska kyauta don karye.Domin ana rufe wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa don hana zubewa, ko da ƙoƙon da aka ƙera don karyewa da sauri ba ya samun iskar da ake buƙata don yin hakan.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-25-2019